diff --git a/flight/core/Dispatcher.php b/flight/core/Dispatcher.php
index cf9fc39..cd49555 100644
--- a/flight/core/Dispatcher.php
+++ b/flight/core/Dispatcher.php
@@ -4,14 +4,13 @@ declare(strict_types=1);
 
 namespace flight\core;
 
-use Exception;
 use flight\Engine;
 use InvalidArgumentException;
 use OutOfBoundsException;
+use Psr\Container\ContainerExceptionInterface;
 use Psr\Container\ContainerInterface as Container;
 use ReflectionFunction;
 use Throwable;
-use TypeError;
 
 /**
  * Responsible for dispatching named callables.
@@ -91,10 +90,10 @@ class Dispatcher
             /* If dispatcher was extended, use the possibly overridden methods
             for pre/post filters and event execution. */
             $this->runPreFilters($name, $params);
-        $output = $this->runEvent($name, $params);
+            $output = $this->runEvent($name, $params);
 
-        return $this->runPostFilters($name, $output);
-    }
+            return $this->runPostFilters($name, $output);
+        }
 
         // Executes the FilteredCallable, responsible of running its filters.
         $filteredCallable = $this->get($name);
@@ -126,12 +125,12 @@ class Dispatcher
     /**
      * @deprecated Don't override this method.
      * @param string $eventName Callable name.
-     * @param mixed[] &$params Callable input.
+     * @param mixed[] $params Callable input.
      * @return void|never|mixed
      * @throws Throwable If the callable or its filters throw an `Throwable`.
      * @throws OutOfBoundsException If callable name is not found.
      */
-    protected function runEvent(string $eventName, array &$params)
+    protected function runEvent(string $eventName, array $params)
     {
         $requestedMethod = $this->get($eventName);
 
@@ -287,22 +286,50 @@ class Dispatcher
     }
 
     /**
-     * Executes a callback function.
-     *
-     * @param callable-string|(callable(): mixed)|array{class-string|object, string} $callback
-     * Callback function.
-     * @param array<int, mixed> $params Function parameters.
+     * Executes a callable.
      *
-     * @return mixed Function results.
-     * @throws Exception If `$callback` also throws an `Exception`.
+     * @param callable|array{class-string<object>|object, string}|string $callback Callable.
+     * @param mixed[] $params Callable input.
+     * @return mixed Callable output.
+     * @throws Throwable If the callable throws an `Throwable`.
      */
-    public function execute($callback, array &$params = [])
+    public function execute($callback, array $params = [])
     {
-        if (is_string($callback) === true && (strpos($callback, '->') !== false || strpos($callback, '::') !== false)) {
+        $container = $this->containerHandler;
+
+        $this->verifyValidFunction($callback);
+
+        if (is_string($callback)) {
             $callback = $this->parseStringClassAndMethod($callback);
         }
 
-        return $this->invokeCallable($callback, $params);
+        if (is_callable($callback) && !is_array($callback)) {
+            return $callback(...$params);
+        }
+
+        [$class, $method] = $callback;
+        $object = null;
+
+        if (is_object($class)) {
+            return $class->$method(...$params);
+        }
+
+        if ($this->mustUseContainer($class)) {
+            $object = $this->resolveContainerClass($class, $params);
+
+            if (is_object($object)) {
+                $class = $object;
+            }
+        }
+
+        $this->verifyValidClassCallable($class, $method, $object);
+
+        // Class is a string, and method exists, create the object by hand and inject only the Engine
+        if (is_string($class)) {
+            $class = new $class($this->engine);
+        }
+
+        return call_user_func_array([$class, $method], $params);
     }
 
     /**
@@ -332,122 +359,128 @@ class Dispatcher
     }
 
     /**
-     * Calls a function.
-     *
-     * @param callable $func Name of function to call.
-     * @param array<int, mixed> &$params Function parameters.
+     * Executes a callable.
      *
-     * @return mixed Function results.
-     * @deprecated 3.7.0 Use invokeCallable instead
+     * @deprecated Use execute instead.
+     * @param callable $func Callable.
+     * @param mixed[] $params Callable input.
+     * @return mixed Callable output.
+     * @throws Throwable If the callable throws an `Throwable`.
      */
-    public function callFunction(callable $func, array &$params = [])
+    public function callFunction(callable $func, array $params = [])
     {
-        return $this->invokeCallable($func, $params);
+        return $this->execute($func, $params);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Invokes a method.
-     *
-     * @param array{0: class-string|object, 1: string} $func Class method.
-     * @param array<int, mixed> &$params Class method parameters.
+     * Executes a callable.
      *
-     * @return mixed Function results.
-     * @throws TypeError For nonexistent class name.
-     * @deprecated 3.7.0 Use invokeCallable instead.
+     * @deprecated Use execute instead.
+     * @param array{class-string<object>|object, string} $func Callable.
+     * @param mixed[] $params Callable input.
+     * @return mixed Callable output.
+     * @throws Throwable If the callable throws an `Throwable`.
      */
-    public function invokeMethod(array $func, array &$params = [])
+    public function invokeMethod(array $func, array $params = [])
     {
-        return $this->invokeCallable($func, $params);
+        return $this->execute($func, $params);
     }
 
     /**
-     * Invokes a callable (anonymous function or Class->method).
+     * Executes a callable.
      *
-     * @param array{0: class-string|object, 1: string}|callable $func Class method.
-     * @param array<int, mixed> &$params Class method parameters.
-     *
-     * @return mixed Function results.
-     * @throws TypeError For nonexistent class name.
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException If the constructor requires parameters.
-     * @version 3.7.0
+     * @deprecated Use execute instead.
+     * @param callable|array{class-string<object>|object, string}|string $func Callable.
+     * @param mixed[] $params Callable input.
+     * @return mixed Callable output.
+     * @throws Throwable If the callable throws an `Throwable`.
      */
-    public function invokeCallable($func, array &$params = [])
+    public function invokeCallable($func, array $params = [])
     {
-        // If this is a directly callable function, call it
-        if (is_array($func) === false) {
-            $this->verifyValidFunction($func);
+        return $this->execute($func, $params);
+    }
 
-            return call_user_func_array($func, $params);
+    /**
+     * Verifies if the provided function is valid callable.
+     *
+     * @deprecated This method will be removed.
+     * @param callable|array{class-string<object>|object, string}|string $callback Callable.
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException If the function is not valid callable.
+     */
+    protected function verifyValidFunction($callback): void
+    {
+        /*
+            ✔️ function () {}
+            ✔️ Closure
+            ✔️ Object that implements __invoke
+            ✔️ 'existingFunction'
+            ✔️ 'ExistingClass::existingAccessibleStaticMethod'
+            ✔️ ['ExistingClass', 'existingAccessibleStaticMethod']
+            ✔️ [$object, 'existingAccessibleMethod']
+            ✔️ [$object, 'existingAccessibleStaticMethod']
+        */
+        if (is_callable($callback)) {
+            return;
         }
 
-        [$class, $method] = $func;
+        /*
+            ✔️ ['UnloadedClass', 'method']
+            ✔️ ['UnloadedClass', 'staticMethod']
+        */
+        if (
+            is_array($callback)
+            && count($callback) === 2
+            && is_string($callback[0])
+            && is_string($callback[1])
+        ) {
+            return;
+        }
 
-        $mustUseTheContainer = $this->mustUseContainer($class);
+        /*
+            ✔️ 'UnloadedClass::method'
+            ✔️ 'UnloadedClass->method'
+        */
+        if (is_string($callback)) {
+            foreach (self::CALLABLE_STRING_OPERATORS as $operator) {
+                $callback = explode($operator, $callback);
 
-        if ($mustUseTheContainer === true) {
-            $resolvedClass = $this->resolveContainerClass($class, $params);
+                if (count($callback) === 2) {
+                    return;
+                }
 
-            if ($resolvedClass) {
-                $class = $resolvedClass;
+                [$callback] = $callback;
             }
         }
 
-        $this->verifyValidClassCallable($class, $method, $resolvedClass ?? null);
-
-        // Class is a string, and method exists, create the object by hand and inject only the Engine
-        if (is_string($class)) {
-            $class = new $class($this->engine);
-        }
-
-        return call_user_func_array([$class, $method], $params);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Handles invalid callback types.
-     *
-     * @param callable-string|(callable(): mixed)|array{0: class-string|object, 1: string} $callback
-     * Callback function.
-     *
-     * @throws InvalidArgumentException If `$callback` is an invalid type.
-     */
-    protected function verifyValidFunction($callback): void
-    {
-        if (is_string($callback) && !function_exists($callback)) {
-            throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid callback specified.');
-        }
+        throw new InvalidArgumentException('Invalid callback specified.');
     }
 
 
     /**
-     * Verifies if the provided class and method are valid callable.
-     *
-     * @param class-string|object $class The class name.
-     * @param string $method The method name.
-     * @param object|null $resolvedClass The resolved class.
-     *
-     * @throws Exception If the class or method is not found.
+     * @deprecated This method will be removed.
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T>|T $class The class name or object.
+     * @param ?T $resolvedClass A class instance.
+     * @return void|never
+     * @throws InvalidArgumentException If the class or method is not found.
+     * @throws Throwable If the container throws an exception.
      */
-    protected function verifyValidClassCallable($class, $method, $resolvedClass): void
+    protected function verifyValidClassCallable($class, string $method, ?object $resolvedClass): void
     {
         $exception = null;
 
         // Final check to make sure it's actually a class and a method, or throw an error
-        if (is_object($class) === false && class_exists($class) === false) {
-            $exception = new Exception(
-                "Class '$class' not found. Is it being correctly autoloaded with Flight::path()?"
-            );
-
-            // If this tried to resolve a class in a container and failed somehow, throw the exception
-        } elseif (!$resolvedClass && $this->containerException !== null) {
+        if (!is_object($class) && !class_exists($class)) {
+            $message = "Class '$class' not found. Is it being correctly autoloaded with Flight::path()?";
+            $exception = new InvalidArgumentException($message);
+        } elseif ($this->containerException) {
             $exception = $this->containerException;
-
-            // Class is there, but no method
-        } elseif (is_object($class) === true && method_exists($class, $method) === false) {
-            $classNamespace = get_class($class);
-            $exception = new Exception("Class found, but method '$classNamespace::$method' not found.");
+        } elseif (is_object($class) && !method_exists($class, $method)) {
+            $fqcn = get_class($class);
+            $exception = new InvalidArgumentException("Class found, but method '$fqcn::$method' not found.");
         }
 
-        if ($exception !== null) {
+        if ($exception) {
             $this->fixOutputBuffering();
 
             throw $exception;
@@ -455,39 +488,38 @@ class Dispatcher
     }
 
     /**
-     * Resolves the container class.
+     * Resolves a class from the container.
      *
-     * @param class-string $class Class name.
-     * @param array<int, mixed> &$params Class constructor parameters.
-     *
-     * @return ?object Class object.
+     * @deprecated This method will be removed.
+     * @template T of object
+     * @param class-string<T> $class The class name.
+     * @param mixed[] $params Class constructor arguments.
+     * @return ?T The resolved class instance, or null if not found.
      */
-    public function resolveContainerClass(string $class, array &$params)
+    public function resolveContainerClass(string $class, array $params): ?object
     {
-        // PSR-11
-        if (is_a($this->containerHandler, '\Psr\Container\ContainerInterface')) {
+        $container = $this->containerHandler;
+
+        if ($container instanceof Container) {
             try {
-                return $this->containerHandler->get($class);
-            } catch (Throwable $exception) {
+                return $container->get($class);
+            } catch (ContainerExceptionInterface $exception) {
+                $this->containerException = $exception;
+
                 return null;
             }
         }
 
-        // Just a callable where you configure the behavior (Dice, PHP-DI, etc.)
-        if (is_callable($this->containerHandler)) {
-            /* This is to catch all the error that could be thrown by whatever
-            container you are using */
+        if (is_callable($container)) {
             try {
-                return ($this->containerHandler)($class, $params);
-
-                // could not resolve a class for some reason
-            } catch (Exception $exception) {
+                return $container($class, $params);
+            } catch (Throwable $throwable) {
                 // If the container throws an exception, we need to catch it
                 // and store it somewhere. If we just let it throw itself, it
                 // doesn't properly close the output buffers and can cause other
                 // issues.
                 // This is thrown in the verifyValidClassCallable method.
-                $this->containerException = $exception;
+                $this->containerException = $throwable;
             }
         }